• Accueil
  • Info
  • Publicité
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Nous Contacter
No Result
View All Result
Technique de pointe
  • Actualité
  • Technologies
  • Jeu vidéo
  • Mobile
  • Astuces
  • HTML5 / CSS
  • Java Script
  • PHP
  • Article Sponsorisé
  • Astuces
  • Jeu vidéo
  • Nous Contacter
MYCAMER
  • Actualité
  • Mobile
  • Jeu vidéo
    Plus de sociétés de jeux vidéo soutiennent l’avortement à la suite du renversement de Roe V. Wade, y compris Warner Bros. Games, Sega et Bethesda

    Plus de sociétés de jeux vidéo soutiennent l’avortement à la suite du renversement de Roe V. Wade, y compris Warner Bros. Games, Sega et Bethesda

    Ce jeu vidéo populaire rend hommage à feu YouTuber Technoblade

    Ce jeu vidéo populaire rend hommage à feu YouTuber Technoblade

    Les meilleures sirènes de jeux vidéo

    Les meilleures sirènes de jeux vidéo

    10 séries de jeux vidéo qui ont encore besoin d’adaptations animées

    10 séries de jeux vidéo qui ont encore besoin d’adaptations animées

    5 personnages de jeux vidéo avec des accents gallois qui ne viennent pas d’Elden Ring

    5 personnages de jeux vidéo avec des accents gallois qui ne viennent pas d’Elden Ring

    Je fête le Tour de France en faisant du vélo dans les jeux

    Je fête le Tour de France en faisant du vélo dans les jeux

    Les chats sont meilleurs que les chiens (en tant que protagonistes de jeux vidéo)

    Les chats sont meilleurs que les chiens (en tant que protagonistes de jeux vidéo)

    Bangor’s Gamenetics apporte de la créativité aux contrôleurs de jeux vidéo

    Bangor’s Gamenetics apporte de la créativité aux contrôleurs de jeux vidéo

    Dwayne Johnson fait la promotion du jeu vidéo “DC League of Super-Pets”

    Dwayne Johnson fait la promotion du jeu vidéo “DC League of Super-Pets”

  • Developpement web
    • All
    • Language HTML5
    Guide d’intégration de l’API Google Sheets v4

    Guide d’intégration de l’API Google Sheets v4

    C’est officiel, ce sont les langages de programmation les plus populaires (et les plus lucratifs) en ce moment

    C’est officiel, ce sont les langages de programmation les plus populaires (et les plus lucratifs) en ce moment

    Nouveau FTP susceptible de déployer CSS

    Nouveau FTP susceptible de déployer CSS

    Infineon acquiert NoBug en Roumanie et en Serbie

    Infineon acquiert NoBug en Roumanie et en Serbie

    MISE À JOUR: La police identifie un homme retrouvé abattu dans un camion sur Ringgold Road

    MISE À JOUR: La police identifie un homme retrouvé abattu dans un camion sur Ringgold Road

    Un groupe de soutien donne pour aider au confort des patients atteints de cancer

    Un groupe de soutien donne pour aider au confort des patients atteints de cancer

    Repêchage de la LNH: Lane Hutson et Jack Devine en tête d’affiche de la catégorie des espoirs élevés à Chicago

    Repêchage de la LNH: Lane Hutson et Jack Devine en tête d’affiche de la catégorie des espoirs élevés à Chicago

    La Juventus “veut” un accord d’échange Werner-De Ligt, la “nouvelle offre” de Barcelone pour Raphinha, Chelsea “cible” Kimpembe – News 24

    La Juventus “veut” un accord d’échange Werner-De Ligt, la “nouvelle offre” de Barcelone pour Raphinha, Chelsea “cible” Kimpembe – News 24

    CSS Founder : Top entreprise de conception de sites Web à Bangalore

    CSS Founder : Top entreprise de conception de sites Web à Bangalore

  • Astuces
    WP Engine acquiert la société derrière ACF, WP Migrate & Better Search and Replace

    WP Engine acquiert la société derrière ACF, WP Migrate & Better Search and Replace

    Meilleure adresse e-mail professionnelle gratuite en 2022 : les meilleurs choix pour vous

    Meilleure adresse e-mail professionnelle gratuite en 2022 : les meilleurs choix pour vous

    WordPress Jetpack est désormais disponible en six plugins

    WordPress Jetpack est désormais disponible en six plugins

    7 choses à faire avant de changer votre thème WordPress

    7 choses à faire avant de changer votre thème WordPress

    Comment créer un site Web en 5 étapes

    Comment créer un site Web en 5 étapes

    Les 5 meilleurs outils SEO pour booster votre classement

    Les 5 meilleurs outils SEO pour booster votre classement

    La mise à jour du plugin Yoast WordPress provoque des erreurs fatales

    La mise à jour du plugin Yoast WordPress provoque des erreurs fatales

    Autowriterpro utilise l’IA pour générer de nouveaux articles pour 40 $

    Autowriterpro utilise l’IA pour générer de nouveaux articles pour 40 $

    WordPress révèle son option de création de site Web la plus abordable à ce jour

    WordPress révèle son option de création de site Web la plus abordable à ce jour

  • Nous contacter
No Result
View All Result
MYCAMER
No Result
View All Result
ADVERTISEMENT
Home Developpement web Language HTML5

An ancient whole-genome duplication event and its contribution to flavor compounds in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Caleb by Caleb
août 1, 2021
in Language HTML5
0 0
0
333
SHARES
2k
VIEWS
Share on FacebookShare on TwitterRedditLinkedin


Evidence of an ancient WGD in the tea plant genome

We first studied the genomic syntenic relationships among the five species, i.e., tea plant, kiwifruit, grape, persimmon, and rhododendron (Supplementary Fig. S1). With a total of 1342 syntenic blocks covering 21,873 gene anchor pairs (Supplementary Fig. S1e), the syntenic blocks between tea plant and kiwifruit showed a 2 : 4 syntenic relationship. For example, CsChr04 and CsChr09 in tea plant matched AcChr04, AcChr26, AcChr27, and AcChr28 in kiwifruit (Fig. 2a). In addition, a total of 849 syntenic blocks covering 16,827 homologous gene anchor pairs were detected between tea plant and rhododendron, showing a significant 2 : 2 syntenic relationship (Supplementary Fig. S1d). For example, CsChr01, CsChr05, and CsChr07 in tea plant matched C024955.1, C024956.1, C024958.1, and C024961.1 in rhododendron (Fig. 2b). Tea plants and grapes showed 2 : 1 syntenic relationships (Fig. 2c), and the same relationship was found in the analysis of wild tea plants DASZ and grapes (Supplementary Fig. S1g, h). These results indicated that tea plants experienced WGD after the WGT.

Fig. 2: Syntenic relationships and the Ks distribution suggested an ancient WGD event in the tea plant genome.
figure2

a Homologous dot plot between certain tea plant (C. sinensis) and kiwifruit (A. chinensis) chromosomes. b Homologous dot plot between certain tea plant and rhododendron (R. simsii) chromosomes. c Syntenic relationships of tea plant and grape chromosomes. The blocks with syntenic relationships are connected by gray lines and red lines represent two examples in which a block of grape (V. vinifera) has syntenic relationships with two blocks of tea plant. d The distribution of Ks for WGD gene pairs from kiwifruit, tea plant, rhododendron, and grape. The horizontal coordinates are Ks and the ordinates indicate the density of the gene pairs corresponding to Ks

The distribution of the Ks of the syntenic paralogs of tea plant, kiwifruit, grape, and rhododendron also revealed a similar result (Fig. 2d). We constructed the Ks distributions for the tea plant, rhododendron, persimmon, kiwifruit, and grape (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. S4). The distribution of Ks showed that tea plant had a Ks peak at 0.425, which is on the left side of the grape peak at 1.088, suggesting that tea experienced an additional WGD after the WGT-γ. Rhododendron had a Ks peak similar to that in tea plants. Only kiwifruit showed two peaks, indicating that kiwifruit experienced additional WGDs that were not experienced by tea plant or rhododendron.

Molecular dating of this ancient WGD

We have shown that tea plants experienced only one WGD after the WGT-γ. However, was this WGD tea plant specific or shared with kiwifruit, or even more species? It cannot be clearly determined through only the Ks distribution shown in Fig. 2d. Therefore, we constructed phylogenetic trees to determine whether this WGD is tea plant specific. We finally constructed 2798 single-copy nuclear gene-based phylogenetic trees covering tea plant (order Ericales, family Theaceae), rhododendron (order Ericales, family Ericaceae), kiwifruit (order Ericales, family Actinidiaceae), and outgroups (grape or coffee) (see “Methods” and Supplementary Table S2). Among them, type I (supporting tea plant, rhododendron, and kiwifruit sharing the WGD) (Fig. 3a) had 1021 trees, accounting for 36.5% of all phylogenetic trees. Type II (supporting tea plant experiencing the WGD independently) (Fig. 3b) had 471 trees, accounting for 16.8% of all trees. The rest of the trees were types other than type I or type II. We determined the proportions of the two types (Fig. 3e). The value of type I/(type I + type II) was 68.5%, whereas type II/(type I + type II) was 31.8%; the proportion of type I trees was more than twice that of type II trees. Another question was whether the close relative persimmon (D. lotus, order Ericales, family Ebenaceae) shared this WGD or not. A total of 168 single-copy nuclear gene-based phylogenetic trees covering tea plant, persimmon, and outgroups (grape or coffee) were constructed (Supplementary Table S2). Among them, 67 (40%) phylogenetic trees (type III) (Fig. 3c) clearly supported that tea plants and persimmons shared the WGD. Only ten (6%) phylogenetic trees (type IV) (Fig. 3d) supported that the two species did not share the WGD (Fig. 3f). Therefore, this evidence showed that the tea plant shared this WGD with rhododendron (family Ericaceae), kiwifruit (family Actinidiaceae), and persimmon (family Ebenaceae). According to the phylogenetic taxonomy of the order Ericales26, this WGD was shared by at least 17 families in three sections: Polemonioids, Primuloids, and core Ericales (PPC). Hence, this WGD was termed PPC-WGD in this study (Fig. 4b).

Fig. 3: Phylogenetic trees of syntenic genes showing that the WGD was shared by tea plant, kiwifruit, rhododendron, and persimmon.
figure3

a Phylogenetic tree indicating that the tea plant (C. sinensis) shared the WGD with kiwifruit (A. chinensis) and rhododendron (R. simsii) (type I). b Phylogenetic tree indicating that the tea plant (C. sinensis) experienced the WGD independently (type II). c Phylogenetic tree indicating that persimmon (D. lotus) shared the WGD with tea plant (C. sinensis) (type III). d Phylogenetic tree indicating that persimmon (D. lotus) did not share the WGD with tea plant (C. sinensis) (type IV). e Statistics on the proportions of two types of phylogenetic trees (type I and type II). f Statistics on the proportions of two types of phylogenetic trees (type III and type IV)

Fig. 4: The PPC-WGD shared by four families within the order Ericales and the evolution of tea plant chromosomes.
figure4

a Evolutionary patterns of tea plant chromosomes after WGD. b The species tree of tea plant and related species. The WGT and WGD are labeled triangles and rectangles, respectively. c Polemonioids, Primuloids, and core Ericales shared the PPC-WGD

In addition, we inferred chromosome evolution in tea plants. The chromosomes were plotted before and after PPC-WGD based on the syntenic gene blocks within the tea plant genome (Supplementary Fig. S8). Prior to PPC-WGD, nine ancestral chromosomes (2n = 18) were reconstructed. PPC-WGD then produced 18 ancestral chromosome intermediates (2n = 36). After three fissions and six fusions, the number of tea plant chromosomes reached the current number, 15 (2n = 30) (Fig. 4a). The evolution of tea plant chromosomes from 7 chromosomes (prior to WGT-γ) to 9 chromosomes showed that almost all chromosomes were formed by a series of fusions, interchanges, and insertions (Supplementary Fig. S6).

To infer the occurrence time of the PPC-WGD, the Ks = t/2r method, which has been widely applied to calculate the occurrence time of WGDs in many articles25,28,32, was used. The results showed that the time of the PPC-WGD was ~63 MYA (Fig. 4b), which is very close to the mass extinction at ~66 MYA at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary33.

Contributions of PPC-WGD to characteristic secondary metabolites in tea

Caffeine, theanine, and catechins are the three most characteristic secondary metabolites in tea, playing important roles in creating tea flavor. At present, a series of studies have revealed that tandem duplication is the main reason for the accumulation of these special secondary metabolites, such as caffeine10 and catechins4, in tea plants. However, whether the PPC-WGD contributed to the amplification of genes related to these special secondary metabolites in tea plants is unclear. The biosynthesis of catechins involves regulation by many key enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), and many other key enzymes34 (Fig. 5a). Our analyses showed that a pair of LAR genes (Fig. 5b), a pair of CHALCONE SYNTHASE genes (Fig. 5c), two pairs of PAL genes (Fig. 5d, e), a pair of FLAVONOL SYNTHASE (FLS) genes (Fig. 5f), a pair of type 1A SERINE CARBOXYPEPIDA-LIKELTRANSFERASE (SCPL 1A) genes (Fig. 5g), a pair of ANR genes (Fig. 5h), and a pair of ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (ANS) genes (Fig. 5i) were gene pairs with strong syntenic relationships produced by the PPC-WGD. The expression profile of the duplicated genes showed that most of these genes had at least one copy and sometimes both copies had high expression in the apical bud and leaf organ. In addition, only one copy of LAR (TEA026458.1), PAL (TEA003137.1), and ANS (TEA015769.1) had low expression in plant organs; under the different temperature treatments, both copies of most genes showed high expression in plant organs or under the temperature treatments. For example, two copies of ANR were highly expressed in apical buds and young leaves (Fig. 5h). The FLS copy TEA016601.1 had high expression in flowers, whereas TEA0010328.1 had high expression in the third mature leaf at severe low temperature and moderate low temperature (Fig. 5f). Although the two copies of most PPC-WGD gene pairs did not have high expression in the same organs or the same temperature treatments, the two copies were expressed at higher levels in different organs or under different treatments, showing that the two PPC-WGD copies contribute to the biosynthesis of catechins in different organs and under different temperatures in tea plants.

Fig. 5: PPC-WGD contributed to the expansion of genes involved in the biosynthesis of catechins in tea plants.
figure5

a The main biosynthesis pathways of catechins in tea plants. b–i Microsynteny visualization and expression chart of LAR, PAL, CHS, FLS, SCPL, ANR, and ANS genes in the biosynthesis pathway of catechins. CKM, SL, MH, ML, and SH represent CK, severe low temperature, moderate heat, moderate low temperature, and severe heat, respectively

Theanine, a nonprotein amino acid found in Camellia plants that accounts for ~70% of the total free amino acids in the new shoots of tea plants, is closely correlated with tea quality35. The main route for theanine biosynthesis progresses from glutamine to theanine36, including catalytic enzymes such as glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and theanine synthase (Fig. 6a). Our analysis showed that a pair of GOGAT genes, a pair of GS genes, a pair of ADC genes, and a pair of GDH genes in tea plant are anchor pairs duplicated by the PPC-WGD (Fig. 6). Expressional analyses showed that the two copies of GOGAT had high expression, both in different organs and under different temperature treatments. Other duplicates had high expression in tea plant organs or under different temperature treatments (Fig. 6). Together, these results suggested that PPC-WGD probably contributed greatly to the development of theanine biosynthesis.

Fig. 6: PPC-WGD contributed to the expansion of genes involved in the biosynthesis of theanine in tea plants.
figure6

a The main biosynthesis pathways of theanine in tea plants. b Microsynteny visualization and expression chart of GOGAT genes in the biosynthesis pathway of theanine. c Microsynteny visualization and expression chart of GS genes in the biosynthesis pathway of theanine. d Microsynteny visualization and expression chart of ADC genes in the biosynthesis pathway of theanine. e Microsynteny visualization and expression chart of GDH genes in the biosynthesis pathway of theanine

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a common ingredient found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is an important flavor substance in tea that has many benefits for human health37. The main steps of caffeine biosynthesis involve three methylation steps from xanthosine to caffeine38,39. The tea plant pathway from xanthosine nucleosides to caffeine mainly depends on a continuum of three N-methyltransferases (NMTs), including xanthosine methyltransferase, 7-methylxanthine methyltransferase, and 3,7-dimethylxanthine methyltransferase (Fig. 7a). Our analyses showed that a pair of NMT genes in the tea plant was duplicated through the PPC-WGD (Fig. 7b). The expression profiles of the two duplicates showed relatively low expression in all tea plant organs, but this could be due to the specific spatial and temporal expression patterns or the induced expression of NMT genes under specific circumstances (Fig. 7b).

Fig. 7: PPC-WGD contributed to the expansion of genes involved in the biosynthesis of caffeine in tea plants.
figure7

a The main biosynthesis pathways of caffeine in tea plants. b Microsynteny visualization and expression of NMT genes in the biosynthesis pathway of caffeine

We then compared the gene numbers from those pathways, i.e., the catechins, theanine, and caffeine biosynthesis pathways, Supplementary Table S1) in persimmon and rhododendron. Only a few or even no homologous genes were found in rhododendron and persimmon, Supplementary Table S3), showing that although rhododendron and persimmon shared this PPC-WGD with tea plant, the tea plant was better able to the genes that participate in these pathways.

— to www.nature.com

Get real time update about this post categories directly on your device, subscribe now.

Unsubscribe
Caleb

Caleb

Stay Connected

  • 85.9k Followers
  • 172k Subscribers

Articles populaires

  • 10 problèmes courants de l’iPhone 13 et comment les résoudre

    10 problèmes courants de l’iPhone 13 et comment les résoudre

    4059 shares
    Share 1624 Tweet 1015
  • Comment installer phpMyAdmin sur Debian 11 Bullseye (Apache)

    1086 shares
    Share 434 Tweet 272
  • 2 façons d’installer le serveur LAMP sur Ubuntu 22.04 | 20.04

    461 shares
    Share 184 Tweet 115
  • Battle.net s’est remis d’une attaque DDoS, selon Blizzard

    581 shares
    Share 232 Tweet 145
  • Podcast : « Personnages, mensonges et transactions » Le jeu : un portrait de Scott Morrison #TransitZone

    481 shares
    Share 192 Tweet 120

Follow Our Page

Follow Us

    Go to the Customizer > JNews : Social, Like & View > Instagram Feed Setting, to connect your Instagram account.
Facebook Twitter Youtube Vimeo Instagram

We bring you the best Premium WordPress Themes that perfect for news, magazine, personal blog, etc. Check our landing page for details.

Category

  • Actualité
  • Article Sponsorisé
  • Astuces
  • Jeu vidéo
  • Language HTML5
  • Mobile
  • portrait
  • Technologies

Recent News

Plus de sociétés de jeux vidéo soutiennent l’avortement à la suite du renversement de Roe V. Wade, y compris Warner Bros. Games, Sega et Bethesda

Plus de sociétés de jeux vidéo soutiennent l’avortement à la suite du renversement de Roe V. Wade, y compris Warner Bros. Games, Sega et Bethesda

juillet 6, 2022
Cristiano Ronaldo: Découvrez cet incroyable portrait hyperréaliste au fusain de la star de Manchester United

Cristiano Ronaldo: Découvrez cet incroyable portrait hyperréaliste au fusain de la star de Manchester United

juillet 6, 2022

© 2022 JNews - Premium WordPress news & magazine theme by Jegtheme.

No Result
View All Result
  • Actualité
  • Mobile
  • Jeu vidéo
  • Developpement web
  • Astuces
  • Nous contacter

© 2022 JNews - Premium WordPress news & magazine theme by Jegtheme.

Welcome Back!

Sign In with Facebook
Sign In with Google
OR

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password?

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In
fr French
ar Arabiczh-CN Chinese (Simplified)en Englishfr Frenchde Germanit Italianru Russianes Spanish

Add New Playlist

This website uses cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. Visit our Privacy and Cookie Policy.